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长安福特召回超8万辆2013款翼虎汽车 发动机存

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??????? ????????? ???[2][3]  ????? ???? ????? (P105) ?? ???? ??????
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Panthera tigris [2][3]
??????? 1758[??????????][4]
???? ????? 107 ???  ????? ???? ????? (P3063) ?? ???? ??????
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????  ????? ???? ????? (P523) ?? ???? ??????
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????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? 2022
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???? ??? ???  - ????????? ?????  ????? ???? ????? (P935) ?? ???? ??????
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百度 当年的二汽（现东风汽车公司）主要由一汽包建，北汽、重汽、上汽很多领导出自一汽。

???????[6] (?????: ??????) (????? ??????: Panthera tigris) ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? 80% ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? (??? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????) ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????.

????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????: ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? (??? ?? ??????? ???????)? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 2015? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? 3062 ? 3948 ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? 4 ????? (13 ?????) ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? 300 ?????????? (660 ?????). ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????????[7][8] ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? (????????) ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???.

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????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????.

?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1758. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? 93% ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????.

???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????.

??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.[9] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????.

???????

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???????
????? ??????
????? ??????????[10]
?????? ??????????[11]
?????? ????????[11] ???????????[10] ??????????? ????????????.[12]
????????? (??????)[11]
????? ????? - ?????  ???? ????? ??????

???? ??? ?????? ??????[13] ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? (??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????) ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????.[14]

????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????[15] ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????????[16] ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????.[17]

????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? "tigris"? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? "Tigris" ?? ?????? ?????????.[18][19] ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? (??????????: Systema Naturae)? ??????? ??? ????? Felis ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.[4][20] ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? pan? (????? ????) ?????? ther? (????? ???)? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ????????? ?????? ???? ???? Panthera ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.[21] ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? (???????????: streak ?? ambush).[22]

?????

[???]

????? ????? tigre ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?tigras ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? tigre (???? ?????) ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? tigris ?????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? τ?γρι? ?????? ????????? tígris ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????.[23] ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? tigra ('???? ?? ????') ??????? ???????? tigrhi ('?????')? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????.[24]

????? ????? Panthera ???? ?? ?????? ????????? panthera ??????? ????????? ??????? "π?νθηρ (???? 'panther').[25]

?????

[???]
???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????

????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????.[26][27] ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????.[28][29] ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????.[30] ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.[31]

????? (???? ?????)

???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????.[32] ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.[27] ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.[33]

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????

????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.[34] ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????[35] ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (39 ????) ??? ?????? ?????????.[36]

????? ????? (??? ??????) ?????? (??? ??????)

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?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????[38] ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 1.7 ??? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.[27][39] ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? 180 ?320 ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 120 ?180 ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 2.6 ?3.3 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? 2.3 ?2.75 ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? (????? ???????? - Panthera tigris sumatrae) ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 100 ?140 ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 75 ?110 ???????????[40] ???? ??????? ?????????? (????? ???????? - Panthera tigris altaica) ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? 3.5 ????? ???? ????? 306 ???????????[40] ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? 190 ?220 ????????? ???? ????? 227 ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? 60 ?110 ?????????.[40][41][41] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? 384 ???????????[42] ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????.[43] ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? 100 ?181 ????????.[44] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? 250 ??? 390 ??????? (98 ??? 154 ????) ???? ?? ??? 90 ?300 ???????? (200 ?660 ???) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 316 ??? 383 ?????? (12.4 ??? 15.1 ????). ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? 200 ??? 275 ??????? (79 ??? 108 ????)? ???? 65 ??? 167 ???????? (143 ??? 368 ???) ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 268 ??? 318 ?????? (10.6 ??? 12.5 ????). ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? 0.6 ??? 1.1 ??? (2 ??? ??? 3 ????? ?7 ?????) ?? ????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? 300 ???????? (660 ???).[27] ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 142 ???????? (313 ???).[45]

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???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? -?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????- ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????.

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???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? (??????????: chinchilla albinistic)?[47] ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.[48][49] ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????[50] ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? 10,000 ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.

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????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? (???? ???? ????? ?????????)? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????.[51][52] ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? SLC45A2. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? (???? ?????) ?????.[53] ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????.[54] ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????.[55] ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????.[56]

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???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????.[58] ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? 30 ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????.

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?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????.[52]

???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? 37% ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????.[59]

????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????

???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.[47]

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1. ?????? 2. ?????? 3. ?????? 4. ??????

????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????[60] ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.[61][62] ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.

?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? 3 ?? 4 ???? ?? ??? 1000 ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???.[63]

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?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? 5 ????? ???? ??? 9 ?? 10 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? 50 ?????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? 150 ?????????? ????? ?????.

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????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????.[64][65][66] ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.[67] ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???: ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????.

??? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????

?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? 60-250 ???????? (130-550 ???). ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??: ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???: ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????[68] ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???: ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????.[28] ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???: ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????.[69] ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????.[70][71][72] ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????.[73] ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???: ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???: ????? ???? ???? ???????.[69]

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?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.[74] ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????.[75] ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? 49-65 ??????? ?? ?????? (30-40 ??? ?? ??????) ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? 10 ????? (33 ?????)? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?? 2 ??? 20 ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????.[75]

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??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? 12 ????? (39 ?????). ????? ???? 13 ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????.[75] ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? 34 ???????? (75 ???) ?? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 3 ??? 6 ???????? (6.6 ??? 13.2 ???) ?? ?????? ??????.[75]

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????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????.[84] ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.[28] ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.[85] ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? 7 ??????? (4.3 ???) ??????? ??????? ??? 29 ??????? (18 ???) ?? ?????.[75] ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????.[84]

????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? 650 ??????? (400 ???) ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????.[86] ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? 19 ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? 0 ?43.2 ??????? (0.0 ?26.8 ???)? ?10 ???? ??? 9.5 ?65.7 ??????? (5.9 ?40.8 ???). ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? 10 ??????? (6.2 ???)? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????.[87] ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????.[88] ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????.[27][28] ???? ??  ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 50 ?1000 ??????? ???? (19 ??? 386 ??? ????) ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? 500 ??? 4000 ??????? ???? (190 ??? 1540 ??? ????). ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? 19 ??? 151 ??????? ???? (7.3 ??? 58.3 ??? ????) ?????? ?10 ??? 51 ??????? ???? (3.9 ??? 19.7 ??? ????) ??????.[75] ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (30-35? ??????) ??? ?????? ???????.

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???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? 250 ?????????? (550 ?????)- ??? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? 14 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????.[91]?

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??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????[?]

???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????.

?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????.[93]

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????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????.

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??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????: ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 3 ????????? (1.9 ???) ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? 400 ??? (1300 ???).[27] ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????.[94] ???? ??????? ??????: ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????.[27]

?????

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?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.[95] ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????.[96]

??????? ??????????

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???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???: ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????.[97][98][99][100] ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????.[40][101][102] ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????.[103] ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? 30 ??? 175 ???????? (66 ??? 386 ?????) ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? 37.6 ???????? (83 ?????) ????? 91.5 ???????? (202 ?????).[104][105] ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????.[104] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????.[106] ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????.[107]

???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.[40]

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????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????
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????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????[108] ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? 103 ???? ???? ????? 3 ?? 4 ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????.[108] ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????[108] ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.[108] ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 93 ??? 114 ?????? ?????? 103 ??? 105 ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????.[109] ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????.[26] ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????????? ?? 780 ??? 1600 ???? (28 ??? 56 ?????) ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? 14 ?????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????.[26] ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????.[84]

???? ??? ?????
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???? ????? (???? ?????) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????.[84] ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? 11 ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 18 ??? 20 ?????.[76] ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????.[26] ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 50? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????.[79] ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.[110] ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? 26 ?????.[75] ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????.[111]

????? ????? ?????.
???? ?? ?????

?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ??? 2015? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.[112] ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????.[113]

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 Neofelis nebulosa - ????? ??????



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 Panthera tigris - ?????



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???? ??????????? ?????? ???????.[114]
????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????

?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? (Panthera palaeosinensis) ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (???????????) ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 1.6 ?1.8 ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? 1.2 ????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????.[115]

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (?????? ?? ??? ?????)? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? 2.88 ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.[116][117] ??? ??? ????? -??????- ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???.[118]

????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????.[119]

??? ??? ????? ??? ????? 1.2 ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????.[120] ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???????.[121] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? (????? ?? ???? ???????????) ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? 100000 ???.[122]

?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.[123] ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????.[124][125] ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????????.[122][126] ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???.[127]

???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? 108000 ??? 72000 ???.[128] ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 500 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? 4000 ??? (13000 ???) ?? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????.[129]

?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2013. ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????.[130]

???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? 9 ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????: ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????????.

????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? (??? ???? ?????) ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????.

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 Panthera leo - ?????



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 Panthera tigris - ????? 



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?? ??? 1758? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? Felis tigris.[131] ?? ??? 1929? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? Panthera tigris.[132][133]

???????? ??????????

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??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????. (?? ??? 2009).[134]

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????.[135] ?????? ?? ??? 1999? ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????: ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (????????????). ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???: ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????.[136]

???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? 111 ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? Panthera sumatrae ?Panthera sondaica ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? Panthera sondaica balica.[137]

??? ??? 2015? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???: ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????:[138]

  • ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????
  • ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????.

???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????.[139]

?? ??? 2017? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????.[140] ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 2018 ??????? ?? 32 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? 110?000 ???.[141] ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????.[135] ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? 2017:

??? ???? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??????? 1758)[4]
????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????
????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????.[4] ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????.[142] ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?? ??? 1973 ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? "????? ?????"? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? 1,200 ??? ?? ????????? ??? 3,000 ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? "???????"? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.[143] ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? 200 ?295 ??? ??????? ?? ??? 120 ?180 ????[144][144] ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 205 ??? 227 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 140 ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? 300 ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 1942 ????? ??? ???? 318 ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? 1910 317 ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 3.3 ????? ???? ???? ????? 390 ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? 1967
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris virgata (???? ?????? ?? ??? 1815)[145] ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????.[145] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????.[136] ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????.[134] ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.[146] ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2009 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris altaica (???? ????? ?? ??? 1844)[147] ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????.[147] ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? 384 ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? 423 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ????? 227 ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? 205 ??? 364 ????[144] ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 2009 ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? "Panthera Tigris Virgata"? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????.[148][149]
??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris amoyensis (???? ??????? ?? ??? 1905)[150] ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.[150] ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????.[27] ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.[140] ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????[151] ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? 2.2 ?2.6 ????? (?????? ???????)? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 127 ?177 ??? ??????? ??? 100 ?118 ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? 1994 ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????.[152] ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? 1977 ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.
??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris corbetti ???? ????? ?? ??? 1968[153] ????? ??? ????? ??? 25 ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????.[153] ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? 150 ?190 ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? 110 ?140 ???.
????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris jacksoni ???? ??? ??????.? ??? 2004[128] ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.[128] ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????.[45] ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.[1] ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2004.[154] ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????.
??? ??? ??????? (?????? 1844)[140]
???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.[147] ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????.[45] ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? 25 ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1979. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????.[155][156]
???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris balica (???? ??????? ?? ??? 1912)[157] ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????.[40][157] ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.[158] ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? 27 ?????? ??? 1937 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? 90 ?100 ????????? ??????? ??? 65 ?80 ??????????.[40]
????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? Panthera tigris sumatrae ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1929[159] ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????.[159] ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.[27] ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????.[136] ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? 6000 ??? 12000 ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????.[45][160] ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????[161] ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? 66 ?????? ?? 20% ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? 1998 ?2000? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 100 ?130 ??? ??????? ??? 70 ?90 ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????.[162]

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????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 100,000 ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? (Panthera leo atrox) ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????.

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????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????.[182] ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????.[183] ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????.[184] ?? ????? ????-??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????????.[185][186] ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????.[187] ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? 4200 ??? (13800 ???) ?? ????? ?3630 ????? (11910 ?????) ?? ???? ?????.[188][189] ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????. ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??? 1996? ??? ????? ????????? 60% ???? ??????? ?40% ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.[190] ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????.[191] ?? ??? 2015? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.[192] ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????.[193] ?? ????? ????? 14 ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? 2013 ??? 2017.[194] ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.[195]

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?? ??? 2016? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? 3890 ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????.[202][203] ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???.[204]

???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????.[1] ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? 100,000 ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? 4593 ??? 5515 ??? ????[205] ?? ?????? ??? 11? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????.[206] ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.[207][208][209] ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? 2,500 ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? 250 ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????.[1][210] ?? ???? ????? 20,000 ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 4000 ?5000 ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????.

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???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????????[211] ??? ????? ??? 2014 ??????? ??2226? ?????? 30? ??? ??? 2011.[212] ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? 2019? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 2018?. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? 2967 ????? ?????? 25? ??? ??? 2014. ???? ????: ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 1411 ?? ??? 2011 ??? 2967 ?? ??? 2019?.[213] ???????? ?? ??? 2022? ????? ?????? ???? 75 ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.[214]

?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? 1973 ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? 25 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 1973 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? 1,200 ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? 3,500 ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????.

??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 2007? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? 12 ?????? 2008 ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? 1,411 ????[215] ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.[216][217][218] ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 153 ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? 200000 ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????????[219] ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????.[220] ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????[221] ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.[222] ?????? ??? 2009 ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????.[223]

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?? ??? 1994? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ????????? (?? ?? ??) ?? ?????? ??? 1995 ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????.[238] ????? ????? ??? 1999? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? 52 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? 15 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????.[239] ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.[240]

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???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 1978. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????.[246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254][255] ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????[256] ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 2008.[257]

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???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? 26 ?????? 2002 ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? 300 ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.[258] ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????.[259]

???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 2008 ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? 5 ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.[260] ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? 2010? ?? ??? ????? ???????.[261]

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????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????

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???? ????? (?? ??? 1903)? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? -????? 200 ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? -?????[266]

?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????.[267] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.[268] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????[269] ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.[270] ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???.[271]

?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???.[75] ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????[272] ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????.[273] ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????.[28] ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? 430 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 1907.[274] ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????.[275] ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????.[276]

???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????.[277] ???? ????? ?????????? 129 ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1969 ??? ??? 1971. ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 100 ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? 430 ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????.[75] ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.[75] ?? ??? 1972? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? 50? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? 29 ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????.[75] ?? ??? 1986? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????.[278]

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?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? 1941

?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????[279][280] ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????[281] ??????????.[282] ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????:

??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????.
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  • ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????????[?? ?????] ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 1993.[284]

??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????.[75] ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???????.[75] ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????.[75] ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? 5,000 ?10,000 ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????.[285][286][287][288][289] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? (?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????). ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? 300 ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? 1990 ??? 1992? ????? ??? 27  ????? ???? ??????? ?????.[75] ?? ???? ??? 2014? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????.[290]

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???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????[?] ??????? ??????????? ??????.[291][292] ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???: ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? 4000 ???? ?? ????? (?????????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? 3000 ???? ??? ?? ?????)?[293] ?? ?? ??? ??? 3500 ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? 1000 ?????.[294]

?? ??? 2007? ??? ???? ???? ?? 4000 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 3000 ??? ????? ??? ?? 20 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? 200 ????? ????.[295] ?? ??? 2011? ????? 468 ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??2884 ?????.[296] ???? ????? ?????? ??105 ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? 49 ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.[297] ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????[298] ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? 12,000 ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????[299] ?????? ??? 4000 ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????.[299]

??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (??????? ???? ???????) ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????.

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??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????.[299] ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? (SPCA) ?? ???? ????? 500 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.[299]

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??? (???? ????) ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? (175-124 ??? ???????)

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?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????.[303] ????? ??????? ???????: ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????.?[304] ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????.[305][306][307] ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????.[306][307] ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????- ??? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? (????????: ??) ????? ??? ?????.[308]

??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????.[309][310] ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????.[311] ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???.[312] ????? ?????? ???????? ?????[?] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? (?? ????) ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????.[313][314] ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.[315] ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????[316] ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??.[317][318] ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????.[319]

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?? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.[320] ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? 1894? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? 1794 ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????[321] ??? ???? ??????? ?????: ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.[321] ????????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????: ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????-??-??? (???????????: Winnie-the-Pooh) ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? (???????????: Tigger) ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? 2001 ?????????: ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 2012.[322]

????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????.[323] ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? (???????????: Frosted Flakes) ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?They're Gr-r-reat!?.[324]

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???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????[??] ???????????[??].

????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????.[325] ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???????.[326] ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.[327] ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????[328] (??????? ?????????? ????? ????????)?[328][329] ??????? (??????? ????????? ????? ???????)?[330] ????? ???????? (??????? ?????????? ????? ????????). ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.[331]

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?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? 2004 ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? 50,000 ????? ?????? ??? 73 ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? 21% ?? ???????? ?????? 20%? ??????? 13%? ?????? 10%? ????? 9%? ?????? 8%? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? (????????????)? ?????? ??? ???????.[332][333][334][335][336]

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  1. ^ ???? ??????? ??????????
  2. ^ ???????????: Litigon? ????? ????????????.
  3. ^ ???????????: Tiliger? ????? ?????????????.
  4. ^ ???????????: Titigon? ????? ???????????????
  5. ^ ???????????: Tigard? ????? ????????????
  6. ^ ???????????: Tiguar? ????? ??????????
  7. ^ ???????????: Leoger? ????? ???????.
  8. ^ ???????????: Jager? ????? ?????????
  9. ^ ????? ??????????????
  10. ^ ??? ????? ?? ?????????
  11. ^ ???? ???????
  12. ^ ???? ?????????
  13. ^ ????? ????????????? ?????????
  14. ^ ????? ?????????????

???????

[???]
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